Achieving target AFR

Hello there. hope all is well with you. i have just finished watching the afr course and i had a few questions. so i understand the need for target afr at particular psi through the rev range all the way to redline. what i want to ask is, when the car is off by a particular percentage, i know there are ways to remedy this to get the car on target. including but not limited to maf scaling, injector latency and duty. so the question comes, to what extreme does one use any particular one of these. like i know i understand if i scale the maf it will get the car to the fuel target i want. the load axis will be affected to. so the car could be achieving the desired afr but, the load axis is misrepresented. which is the most efficient time saving approach for afr tuning especially if the car is on a hired dyno for example.

It really depends on what has been changed and what ecu etc you're using.

Injector scaling and dead time should only need adjusting if you have changed your injectors (on a stock ecu or the injector data was correct before).

Assuming injector data is setup correctly, on cars with a MAF and stock ecu I will set my target AFR table then do most of my tuning in the MAF table.

On other setups which use speed density, I will once again set me AFR target table and do my tuning in the VE/SD table.

Things which do need to be considered also is the MAF size and if the MAF pipe size has been changed as this will alter the MAF scaling. Usually you can compensate this by multiplying the MAF table by the percentage change in MAF diameter.

Thank you for your Help Chris. you have accurately answered my question.